La higiene de manos una estrategia antigua, eficaz, y sencilla para prevenir infecciones
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ene 14, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.23032
Main Article Content
Mario Chopin Doroteo
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7282-6202
Elizabeth Ortega Soto, Dra
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-209X
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7282-6202
Elizabeth Ortega Soto, Dra
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-209X
Resumen
La higiene de manos es una medida simple y efectiva para disminuir la tasa de transmisión de agentes infecciosos como bacterias y virus. Esta práctica fue adoptada a partir de observaciones e hipótesis sobre la relación entre la transmisión de enfermedades y las manos sucias. Los estudios científicos muestran que el mecanismo de acción del jabón y el alcohol es similar, ambos tienen la capacidad de desnaturalizar proteínas y disolver lípidos que se encuentran en bacterias y virus, provocando su lisis. La higiene excesiva puede también alterar las características de la piel. Debido a la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas potencialmente mortales, la higiene de manos sigue siendo un tema de estudio, controversia, y preocupación mundial.
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CHOPIN DOROTEO, Mario; ORTEGA SOTO, Elizabeth.
La higiene de manos una estrategia antigua, eficaz, y sencilla para prevenir infecciones.
Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 126-132, ene. 2025.
ISSN 2594-0600.
Disponible en: <https://medicinainvestigacion.uaemex.mx/article/view/23032>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.23032.
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
Lotfinejad N, Peters A, Tartari E, Fankhauser-Rodriguez C, Pires D, Pittet D.
Hand hygiene in health care: 20 years of ongoing advances and perspectives.
The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2021;21(8):e209-21. Disponible en: https://
doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00383-2. Consultado el 30 marzo de 2023.
2. Breidablik HJ, Johannessen L, Andersen JR, Søreide H, Kleiven OT. Effect
of optimal alcohol-based hand rub among nurse students compared with
everyday practice among random adults; can water-based hand rub combined with a hand dryer machine be an alternative to remove E. coli contamination from hands? Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):325. Disponible en: https://
doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020325.
3. Foulongne V, Sauvage V, Hebert C, Dereure O, Cheval J, Gouilh MA, Pariente K, Segondy M, Burguière A, Manuguerra J, Caro V, Eloit M. Human
skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin
by high throughput sequencing. PloS one. 2012;7(6):e38499. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038499.
4. Dunn PM. Dr Alexander Gordon (1752-99) and contagious puerperal fever.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. 1998:78(3):F232-
33. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.78.3.f232.
5. Vermeil T, Peters A, Kilpatrick C, Pires D, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Hand hygiene in hospitals: anatomy of a revolution. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(4):383-
92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.003.
6. Cavaillon JM, Chrétien F. From septicemia to sepsis 3.0-from Ignaz Semmelweis to Louis Pasteur. Genes and immunity. 2019;20(5):371-82. Disponible
en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41435-019-0063-2.
7. Peres MAA, Aperibense PGGS, Dios-Aguado MLM, Gómez-Cantarino S,
Queirós PJP. The Florence Nightingale’s nursing theoretical model: a transmission of knowledge. Rev Gaucha Enferm, 42(spe). 2021;e20200228. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200228.
8. Thormar H. Antibacterial effects of lipids: historical review (1881 to
1960). Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. 2011;25-45.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.1002/9780470976623.ch2. Consultado 14 de abril de 2023.
9. Philip B Price. The bacteriology of normal skin; a new quantitative test applied to a study of the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1938;63(3):301-18.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/63.3.301.
10. Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol.
2018:17(1):8-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12469.
11. Mijaljica D, Spada F, Harrison IP. Skin cleansing without or with compromise:
Soaps and syndets. Molecules. 2022;27(6):2010. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.3390/molecules27062010.
12. Jing JLJ, Pei YiT, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran
T. Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, andregulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3326. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093326.
13. Chopin-Doroteo M, Krötzsch E. Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of
hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Cosmet
Dermatol. 2023;22(2):347-53. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15523.
14. Singh D, Joshi K, Samuel A, Patra J, Mahindroo N. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: A review of biology,
chemistry and formulations. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e229. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002319.
15. Golin AP, Choi D, Ghahary A. Hand sanitizers: a review of ingredients,
mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(9):1062-67. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.182.
16. Ijaz MK, Nims R W, de Szalay S, Rubino JR. Soap, water, and severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing
strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12041.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12041.
17. Kampf G. Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect.
2018;98(4):331-38. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025.
18. Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kumar Naik P, Ghosh G, Rath G. A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(5):363-
74. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.020.
19. León Molina J, Abad-Corpa E. Desinfectantes y antisépticos frente al coronavirus: Síntesis de evidencias y recomendaciones. Enfermería clínica.
2020;31:S84-88. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.013.
20. Gupta R, Badhe Y, Rai B, Mitragotri S. Molecular mechanism of the skin permeation enhancing effect of ethanol: a molecular dynamics study. RSC advances.
2020;10(21):12234-48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA01692F.
21. Cartner T, Brand N, Tian K, Saud A, Carr T, Stapleton P, Lane M, Rawlings A.
Effect of different alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A2 together with epidermal keratinocytes and skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2017;39(2):188-96. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12364.
22. Berardi A, Perinelli DR, Merchant HA, Bisharat L, Basheti IA, Bonacucina G,
Cespi M, Palmieri G. Hand sanitisers amid CoViD-19: a critical review of alcohol-based products on the market and formulation approaches to respond
to increasing demand. Int J Pharm. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijpharm.2020.119431.
23. Cristina ML, Sartini M, Spagnolo AM. Serratia marcescens infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(4):610.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040610.
Hand hygiene in health care: 20 years of ongoing advances and perspectives.
The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2021;21(8):e209-21. Disponible en: https://
doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00383-2. Consultado el 30 marzo de 2023.
2. Breidablik HJ, Johannessen L, Andersen JR, Søreide H, Kleiven OT. Effect
of optimal alcohol-based hand rub among nurse students compared with
everyday practice among random adults; can water-based hand rub combined with a hand dryer machine be an alternative to remove E. coli contamination from hands? Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):325. Disponible en: https://
doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020325.
3. Foulongne V, Sauvage V, Hebert C, Dereure O, Cheval J, Gouilh MA, Pariente K, Segondy M, Burguière A, Manuguerra J, Caro V, Eloit M. Human
skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin
by high throughput sequencing. PloS one. 2012;7(6):e38499. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038499.
4. Dunn PM. Dr Alexander Gordon (1752-99) and contagious puerperal fever.
Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. 1998:78(3):F232-
33. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.78.3.f232.
5. Vermeil T, Peters A, Kilpatrick C, Pires D, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Hand hygiene in hospitals: anatomy of a revolution. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(4):383-
92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.003.
6. Cavaillon JM, Chrétien F. From septicemia to sepsis 3.0-from Ignaz Semmelweis to Louis Pasteur. Genes and immunity. 2019;20(5):371-82. Disponible
en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41435-019-0063-2.
7. Peres MAA, Aperibense PGGS, Dios-Aguado MLM, Gómez-Cantarino S,
Queirós PJP. The Florence Nightingale’s nursing theoretical model: a transmission of knowledge. Rev Gaucha Enferm, 42(spe). 2021;e20200228. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200228.
8. Thormar H. Antibacterial effects of lipids: historical review (1881 to
1960). Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. 2011;25-45.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Hoboken, NJ, USA. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.1002/9780470976623.ch2. Consultado 14 de abril de 2023.
9. Philip B Price. The bacteriology of normal skin; a new quantitative test applied to a study of the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1938;63(3):301-18.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/63.3.301.
10. Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol.
2018:17(1):8-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12469.
11. Mijaljica D, Spada F, Harrison IP. Skin cleansing without or with compromise:
Soaps and syndets. Molecules. 2022;27(6):2010. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.3390/molecules27062010.
12. Jing JLJ, Pei YiT, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran
T. Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, andregulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3326. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093326.
13. Chopin-Doroteo M, Krötzsch E. Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of
hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Cosmet
Dermatol. 2023;22(2):347-53. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15523.
14. Singh D, Joshi K, Samuel A, Patra J, Mahindroo N. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: A review of biology,
chemistry and formulations. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e229. Disponible en:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002319.
15. Golin AP, Choi D, Ghahary A. Hand sanitizers: a review of ingredients,
mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(9):1062-67. Disponible en: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.182.
16. Ijaz MK, Nims R W, de Szalay S, Rubino JR. Soap, water, and severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing
strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12041.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12041.
17. Kampf G. Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect.
2018;98(4):331-38. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025.
18. Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kumar Naik P, Ghosh G, Rath G. A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(5):363-
74. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.020.
19. León Molina J, Abad-Corpa E. Desinfectantes y antisépticos frente al coronavirus: Síntesis de evidencias y recomendaciones. Enfermería clínica.
2020;31:S84-88. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.013.
20. Gupta R, Badhe Y, Rai B, Mitragotri S. Molecular mechanism of the skin permeation enhancing effect of ethanol: a molecular dynamics study. RSC advances.
2020;10(21):12234-48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA01692F.
21. Cartner T, Brand N, Tian K, Saud A, Carr T, Stapleton P, Lane M, Rawlings A.
Effect of different alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A2 together with epidermal keratinocytes and skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2017;39(2):188-96. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12364.
22. Berardi A, Perinelli DR, Merchant HA, Bisharat L, Basheti IA, Bonacucina G,
Cespi M, Palmieri G. Hand sanitisers amid CoViD-19: a critical review of alcohol-based products on the market and formulation approaches to respond
to increasing demand. Int J Pharm. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijpharm.2020.119431.
23. Cristina ML, Sartini M, Spagnolo AM. Serratia marcescens infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(4):610.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040610.