Murine model evaluation of biochemical and tissue-damage induced by Bothrops asper (Nauyaca) snake venom
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ene 13, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24277
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Dr. Carlos Gallardo-Casas Ángel Gallardo-Casas
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-0149
María Teresa Valadez-Omaña
http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3013-2503
Emmanuel Correa Solís
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-8703
María del Carmen Castillo-Hernández
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-6776
Rocio Ortiz-Butron
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-5233
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-0149
María Teresa Valadez-Omaña
http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3013-2503
Emmanuel Correa Solís
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-8703
María del Carmen Castillo-Hernández
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-6776
Rocio Ortiz-Butron
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-5233
Resumen
Introduction: Venomous snakes Bites are a serious public health issue, and in Mexico, Bothrops asper is responsible for the majority of viper bites.
Objective: To evaluate, in a mouse model, the effect of Bothrops asper venom snake on liver enzymes LDH, AST, and ALT, as well as to assess its effect on renal and hepatic histology.
Methods: The LD50 was determined using a dose-response curve after intramuscular administration of increasing doses of the venom to mice (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of protein/kg). Subsequently, the mice were administered the LD25 value of the venom (or saline solution for control), and 24 hours after the injection, LDH, AST, and ALT enzymes were measured in the blood, and the liver and kidneys were collected from each animal.
Results: Results: Animals treated with poison (LD25 of 1 mg of protein/kg) had greater activity of AST, ALT and LDH enzymes, structural damage in the cortex and renal medulla, as well as in the liver after 24 hours of administration in the experimental group
Conclusion: B. asper venom causes an increase in LDH and transaminase enzymes, as well as renal and hepatic histopathological alterations.
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GALLARDO-CASAS, Dr. Carlos Gallardo-Casas Ángel et al.
Murine model evaluation of biochemical and tissue-damage induced by Bothrops asper (Nauyaca) snake venom.
Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 111-116, ene. 2025.
ISSN 2594-0600.
Disponible en: <https://medicinainvestigacion.uaemex.mx/article/view/24277>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24277.
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
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REFERENCES
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18. Kale Bhagwat, Lonkar Amar. Blood Hemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Total Creatine Kinase Combinedly As Markers Of Hemolysis And Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Snake Bite. Int J Toxicol and Pharmacol Res 2013; 5(1): 5-8. Disponible en: http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJTPR/5/IJTPR,Vol5,Issue1,Article2.pdf
19. Duque CT, Scannone H, Vargas A. Alteraciones en marcadores séricos de lesión tisular en ratones tratados con el veneno de la serpiente Bothrops colombiensis (Paracotos, Estado Miranda, Venezuela). Revista Científica XXVIII 2018; (2); 97-103. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=95955158002
20. Albuquerque PLMM, da Silva Junior GB, Meneses GC, Martins AMC, Lima DB, Raubenheimer J, Fathima S, Buckley N, Daher EF. Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Bothrops Venom: Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 5;11(3):148. doi: 10.3390/toxins11030148.
21. Abuabara-Franco E, Rico-Fontalvo J, Leal-Martínez V, Pájaro-Galvis N, BohórquezRivero J, Barrios NJ, et al. Lesión renal aguda secundaria a mordedura de serpiente del género bothrops: a propósito de un caso. Rev. Colomb. Nefrol 2022; 9(1), e536. https://doi.org/10.22265/ acnef.9.1.536
22. Sánchez E, Girón ME, Guerrero B, Uzcátegui N, Rodríguez A. Caracterización bioquímica y biológica del veneno de la serpiente Neotropical Macagua (Bothrops Colombiensis) de la región de Barlovento, estado Miranda, Venezuela. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2015; [Internet]. [citado 2023 Jul 10] ; 67( 2 ). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0375-07602015000200008&lng=es
1. Sotelo Cruz N. El tratamiento de la mordedura de serpientes. Un enfoque práctico. Rev Mex Pediatr 1997; 64:33-3. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-225147
2. Hernandez CG, Bravo AA. Bites by venomous snakes: epidemiologic panorama in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51:95-96. doi: 10.1590/s0036-36342009000200002
3. Gonzalez Rivera A, Patricia Chico-Aldama, Domínguez Viveros W, Luz Iracheta Gerez MDL, López Alquicira M, Cuellar-Ramírez A, Zamora V. Epidemiología de las mordeduras por serpiente. Su simbolismo. Acta Pediatr Mex 2009; 30:182-191. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/actpedmex/apm-2009/apm093i.pdf
4. Zertuche JJ. Mexican reptiles of significance for public health and their geographic distribution. Salud Publica Mex 1981; 23: 329-343.
5. Azevedo Marques MM, Azevedo Marques M, Cupo P, Coimbra TM, Hering SE, Rossi MA, Laure CJ. Myonecrosis, myoglobinuria and acute renal failure induced by South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) envenomation in Brazil. Toxicon 1985; 23: 631-636. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(85)90367-8.
6. Sotelo Cruz N. Rattlesnake bite poisoning, health damage and treatment in children. Gac Med Mex 2003; 139:317-32.
7. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248-254. doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
8. Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 1983; 54:275-287. doi: 10.1007/BF01234480.
9. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-062-ZOO-1999. Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación 2001. Disponible en : https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/203498/NOM-062-ZOO-1999_220801.pdf
10. Cano Europa E, Blas Valdivia V, Franco Colin M, Gallardo Casas CA, Ortiz Butron R. Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism causes cellular damage in the spleen, heart, liver, lung and kidney. Acta Histochem 2011; 113 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.07.004
11. Hernandez CG, Bravo AA. Bites by venomous snakes: epidemiologic panorama in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51:95-96. doi: 10.1590/s0036-36342009000200002
12. Gallardo Casas CA, Guevara Balcázar G, Morales Ramos E, Tadeo Jiménez Y, Gutiérrez Flores O, Jiménez Sánchez N, Valadez Omaña MT, Valenzuela Vargas MT, Castillo Hernández MC. Ethnobotanic study of Randia aculeata (Rubiaceae) in Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and its anti-snake venom effects on mouse tissue. JVATiTD 2012; 3: 287-294. doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992012000300006
13. Alam JM, Qasim R, Alam SM. Enzymatic activities of some snake venoms from families Elapidae and Viperidae. Pak J. Pharm Sci 1996; 9(1):37-41.
14. Awadh M, Al-Johany, Mohamed K, Ahmed E, Abdel Moneim, Amira A, Marwa SM, Diab S. Histological, molecular and biochemical detection of renal injury after Echis pyramidum snake envenomation in rat. J Biol Sci 2015; 22(3): 302–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.10.003
15. Kamel Zaki H. Histological and ultrastructural alterations in the renal cortex of rats induced by the egyptian cobra (Naja Naje) crude venom. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol (Zoo.) 2010; 319-330. DIsponible en : https://www.bibliomed.org/?jft=3&ft=3-1430780639
16. De Souza C, Kayano A, Setúbal S, Pontes A, Furtado J, Kwasniewski, Zaqueo K, Soares A, Stábeli R, Zuliani J. Local and systemic biochemical alterations induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom in mice.J Venom Res 2012; 3: 28–34. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595125/pdf/JVR-03-028.pdf
17. Noriega Alvarado J, Colmenarez, D, Mogollón A, Márquez N, Hernández V, Pérez M. Cambios séricos en las enzimas alt, ast, fa, ck-total y ldh inducidos por veneno de crotalus durissus cumanensis en ratones balb/c. Revista Científica 2009; 19(4):408-415. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-22592009000400013&lng=pt.
18. Kale Bhagwat, Lonkar Amar. Blood Hemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Total Creatine Kinase Combinedly As Markers Of Hemolysis And Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Snake Bite. Int J Toxicol and Pharmacol Res 2013; 5(1): 5-8. Disponible en: http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJTPR/5/IJTPR,Vol5,Issue1,Article2.pdf
19. Duque CT, Scannone H, Vargas A. Alteraciones en marcadores séricos de lesión tisular en ratones tratados con el veneno de la serpiente Bothrops colombiensis (Paracotos, Estado Miranda, Venezuela). Revista Científica XXVIII 2018; (2); 97-103. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=95955158002
20. Albuquerque PLMM, da Silva Junior GB, Meneses GC, Martins AMC, Lima DB, Raubenheimer J, Fathima S, Buckley N, Daher EF. Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Bothrops Venom: Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 5;11(3):148. doi: 10.3390/toxins11030148.
21. Abuabara-Franco E, Rico-Fontalvo J, Leal-Martínez V, Pájaro-Galvis N, BohórquezRivero J, Barrios NJ, et al. Lesión renal aguda secundaria a mordedura de serpiente del género bothrops: a propósito de un caso. Rev. Colomb. Nefrol 2022; 9(1), e536. https://doi.org/10.22265/ acnef.9.1.536
22. Sánchez E, Girón ME, Guerrero B, Uzcátegui N, Rodríguez A. Caracterización bioquímica y biológica del veneno de la serpiente Neotropical Macagua (Bothrops Colombiensis) de la región de Barlovento, estado Miranda, Venezuela. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2015; [Internet]. [citado 2023 Jul 10] ; 67( 2 ). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0375-07602015000200008&lng=es