Infección de Sitio Quirúrgico: Factores de Riesgo, Prevención y Manejo en Diferentes Tipos de Procedimientos Quirúrgicos
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ene 17, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24519
Main Article Content
Rodrigo Huerta Rangel
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-6937
Eugenia Monserrat Ramales-Montes Monserrat Ramales-Montes
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-3301
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-6937
Eugenia Monserrat Ramales-Montes Monserrat Ramales-Montes
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-3301
Resumen
Introducción
El termino de Infección de Sitio Quirúrgico(ISQ), se acuñó por primera vez en 1992 y forma parte de las Infecciones Asociadas al Cuidado de la Salud. La ISQ se considera de las complicaciones más conocidas en los procedimientos posoperatorios que afecta a millones de pacientes cada año.
Objetivos
Este artículo de revisión pretende proporcionar una visión integral de la ISQ con enfoques actuales, perspectiva actualizada, Identificacion de temas relevantes ya conocidos, no conocidos, Proporcionar informacion amplia de un tema asi como proporcionar la evidencia disponible y Sugerencia de nuevos temas de investigación.
Material y métodos
Se realizó una revision sistemática buscando la definición, criterios diagnósticos, factores de riesgo, patógenos mas comúnes y tratamientos respecto al término “Infección de Sitio Quirúrgico” en las bases electrónicas PubMed, Frontiers, Google Academic y en recursos bibliográficos como la 11va edición de Principios de Cirugía de Schwartz, el sitio oficial de la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Conclusión
El presente artículo de revisión proporciona una visión integral de la prevención, cuidado, relación patógeno/fármaco que se encontraron en una serie de artículos representantes de la infección de sitio quirúrgico. Sin embargo mas bibliografia.e investigacion se amerita.
Palabras clave: Cirugía, Enfermedades infecciosas, Higiene.
Article Details
Como citar
RANGEL, Rodrigo Huerta; RAMALES-MONTES, Eugenia Monserrat Ramales-Montes Monserrat.
Infección de Sitio Quirúrgico: Factores de Riesgo, Prevención y Manejo en Diferentes Tipos de Procedimientos Quirúrgicos.
Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 197-207, ene. 2025.
ISSN 2594-0600.
Disponible en: <https://medicinainvestigacion.uaemex.mx/article/view/24519>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24519.
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
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2. Dale W. Bratzler, E. Patchen Dellinger, Keith M. Olsen, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. Surgical Infection Society Guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2013.9999. 21/08/2021.
3. Wojciech Kolaskinski. Surgical site infection - review of current knowledge, methods of prevention. Polish Journal of Surgery. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7253. 03/07/2021
4. F. Charles Brunicardi, Dana K. Andersen, Timothy R. Billiar, et al. Schwartz´s Principles of Surgery. 11th edition. United States of America. McGraw-Hill. 2019.
5. Michael J. Anderson, Maren L. David, Marr Scholz, et al. Efficacy of Skin and Nasal Povidone-Iodine Preparation against Mupirocin-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus within the Anterior Nares. American Society for Microbiology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04624-14. 08/08/2021.
6. Lalit Kalra, MD, Fabian Camacho, MS, MA, Cynthia J. Whitener, MD, et al. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection in patients with nasal MRSA colonization. American Journal of Infection Control. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.05.021. 08/08/2021.
7. Sandra I. Berrios-Torres, MD; Craig A. Umscheid, MDMSCE; Dale W. Bratzler, DO, MOH, et al. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surgery. 2017. DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904. 05/07/2021.
8. Anderson, Deverick J. MD, MPH; Hartwig, Matthew F. MD; Pappas, Theodore MD, et al. Surgical Volume and the Risk of Surgical Site Infection in community Hospitals. Annals of Surgery. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815aab38. 10/07/2021.6.
9. Ryan P. Merkoow, MD, MS; Mila H. Ju, MD; Jeanette W. Chung, PhD; et al. Underlying reasons associated with Hospital Readmission Following Surgery in the United States. JAMA. JAMA. 2015;313(5):483-495. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.18614. 10/07/2021
10. Margaret B. Nolan, MD; David P. Martin, MD, PhD; Rodney Thompson, MD; et al. Association Between Smoking Status, Preoperative Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Levels, and Postoperative Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.5704,15/08/2021.
11. Caleb J. Fan, BS, Timothy M. Pawlik, MD, MPH, PhD, Tania Daniels, PT, MBA, et al. Association of Safety Culture with Surgical Site Infection Outcomes. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.11.008. 15/08/2021.
12. Zhenmi Liu, Jo C Dumville. Gill Norman, et al. Intraoperative interventions for preventing surgical site infection: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012653.pub2. 15/08/2021.
13. Randy W. Loftus, MD; Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD; Michael J. Goodheart, MD; et al. The Effect of Improving Basic Preventive Measures in the Perioperative Arena on Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Surgical Site Infections. JAMA.
14. Mariyah Anwer, Shahneela Manzoor, Nadeem Muneer, et al. Compliance and effectiveness of WHO Surgical Safety Check list: A JPMC Audit. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.324.9884, 15/08/2021.
15. Judith Tanner, Jo C Dumville, Gill Norman, et al. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004288.pub3. 15/08/2021.
16. Bischoff, P., Kubilay, N.Z., Allegranzi, B., Egger M., Gastmeier, P. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May;17(5):553-561. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30059-2. 15/08/2021.
17. Strobel, Rachel M. MD; Leonhardt, Marja MSc; Krochmann, Anika MD, et al. Reduction of Postoperative Wound Infections by Antiseptic (RECIPE). Annals of Surgery. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003645. 15/08/2021.
18. Dale W. Bratzler, David R. Hunt. The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: National Initiatives to Improve Outcomes for Patients Having Surgery. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/505220. 16/08/2021.
19. David C. Classen, M.D., R. Scott Evans, Ph.D., Stanley L. Pestotnik, R. Ph, et al. The Timing of Prophylactic Administration of Antibiotics and the Risk of Surgical-Wound Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199201303260501. 16/08/2021.
20. Marjo E. E. van Kasteren, Judith Manniën, Alewijn Ott, et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections following Total Hip Arthroplasty: Timely Administration Is the Most Important Factor. Infectious Disease Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1086/512192. 16/08/2021
21. Herman, T. F., & Bordoni, B. Wound classification. Stat Pearls Publishing. Stat Pearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk554456?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction&client=bot&client=bot 03/03/2020
22. Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18. Obtenido de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.296
23. Hasler A, Unterfrauner I, Olthof MGL, Jans P, Betz M, Achermann Y, et al. Deep surgical site infections following double-dose perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in adult obese orthopedic patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2021; 108:537–42. Obtenido de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119675/
24. Bilgiç Ç, Keske Ş, Sobutay E, Can U, Zenger S, Gürbüz B, et al. Surgical site infections after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Preoperative biliary system interventions and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 95:148–52. Obtenido de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278107/
25. Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical Site Infection Prevention: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Jan 17;329(3):244-252. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.24075.
26. Crystell Guzmán-García, MD; Oscar I. Flores-Barrientos, MD; Isela E. Juárez-Rojop, PhD, et al. Abdominal Surgical Site Infection Incidence and Risk, Factors in a Mexican Population. Wound Care Around the World. DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000557833.80431.00. 21/08/2021
27. Aroub Alkaaki, MD, Osman O. Al-Radi, MD, MSc, Ahmad Khoja, MD, et al. Surgical site infection following abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. Canadian Journal of Surgery. DOI: 10.1503/cjs.004818. 21/08/2021.
28. Xufei Zhang, Zhiwei Wang, Jun Chen. Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection following colorectal surgery in China: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05567-6. 21/08/2021.
29. Gearóid Mc Geehan, Itoro M. Edelduok, Magda Bucholc, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Wound Bundles in Emergency Midline Laparotomy Identifies That It Is Time for Improvement. Life. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020138. 21/08/2021.
30. T. Pande, C. S. Naidu. Mesh infection in cases of polypropylene mesh hernioplasty. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-020-02142-5. 28/08/2021
31. Kao, Angela M. MD; Arnold, Michael R. MD; Augenstein, Vedra A. MD. Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Mesh Infection in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004871. 28/08/2021
32. Emily T. Martin, Keith S. Kaye, Caitlin Knott, et al. Diabetes and Risk of Surgical Site Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cambridge Core. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.249. 08/11/2021.
33. Gao J, Wang Y, Song J, Li Z, Ren J, Wang P. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical site infections: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing . 2021 Apr 27;77(10):3980–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14876
2. Dale W. Bratzler, E. Patchen Dellinger, Keith M. Olsen, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. Surgical Infection Society Guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2013.9999. 21/08/2021.
3. Wojciech Kolaskinski. Surgical site infection - review of current knowledge, methods of prevention. Polish Journal of Surgery. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7253. 03/07/2021
4. F. Charles Brunicardi, Dana K. Andersen, Timothy R. Billiar, et al. Schwartz´s Principles of Surgery. 11th edition. United States of America. McGraw-Hill. 2019.
5. Michael J. Anderson, Maren L. David, Marr Scholz, et al. Efficacy of Skin and Nasal Povidone-Iodine Preparation against Mupirocin-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus within the Anterior Nares. American Society for Microbiology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04624-14. 08/08/2021.
6. Lalit Kalra, MD, Fabian Camacho, MS, MA, Cynthia J. Whitener, MD, et al. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection in patients with nasal MRSA colonization. American Journal of Infection Control. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.05.021. 08/08/2021.
7. Sandra I. Berrios-Torres, MD; Craig A. Umscheid, MDMSCE; Dale W. Bratzler, DO, MOH, et al. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surgery. 2017. DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904. 05/07/2021.
8. Anderson, Deverick J. MD, MPH; Hartwig, Matthew F. MD; Pappas, Theodore MD, et al. Surgical Volume and the Risk of Surgical Site Infection in community Hospitals. Annals of Surgery. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815aab38. 10/07/2021.6.
9. Ryan P. Merkoow, MD, MS; Mila H. Ju, MD; Jeanette W. Chung, PhD; et al. Underlying reasons associated with Hospital Readmission Following Surgery in the United States. JAMA. JAMA. 2015;313(5):483-495. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.18614. 10/07/2021
10. Margaret B. Nolan, MD; David P. Martin, MD, PhD; Rodney Thompson, MD; et al. Association Between Smoking Status, Preoperative Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Levels, and Postoperative Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.5704,15/08/2021.
11. Caleb J. Fan, BS, Timothy M. Pawlik, MD, MPH, PhD, Tania Daniels, PT, MBA, et al. Association of Safety Culture with Surgical Site Infection Outcomes. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.11.008. 15/08/2021.
12. Zhenmi Liu, Jo C Dumville. Gill Norman, et al. Intraoperative interventions for preventing surgical site infection: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012653.pub2. 15/08/2021.
13. Randy W. Loftus, MD; Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD; Michael J. Goodheart, MD; et al. The Effect of Improving Basic Preventive Measures in the Perioperative Arena on Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Surgical Site Infections. JAMA.
14. Mariyah Anwer, Shahneela Manzoor, Nadeem Muneer, et al. Compliance and effectiveness of WHO Surgical Safety Check list: A JPMC Audit. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.324.9884, 15/08/2021.
15. Judith Tanner, Jo C Dumville, Gill Norman, et al. Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004288.pub3. 15/08/2021.
16. Bischoff, P., Kubilay, N.Z., Allegranzi, B., Egger M., Gastmeier, P. Effect of laminar airflow ventilation on surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May;17(5):553-561. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30059-2. 15/08/2021.
17. Strobel, Rachel M. MD; Leonhardt, Marja MSc; Krochmann, Anika MD, et al. Reduction of Postoperative Wound Infections by Antiseptic (RECIPE). Annals of Surgery. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003645. 15/08/2021.
18. Dale W. Bratzler, David R. Hunt. The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: National Initiatives to Improve Outcomes for Patients Having Surgery. Clinical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1086/505220. 16/08/2021.
19. David C. Classen, M.D., R. Scott Evans, Ph.D., Stanley L. Pestotnik, R. Ph, et al. The Timing of Prophylactic Administration of Antibiotics and the Risk of Surgical-Wound Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199201303260501. 16/08/2021.
20. Marjo E. E. van Kasteren, Judith Manniën, Alewijn Ott, et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections following Total Hip Arthroplasty: Timely Administration Is the Most Important Factor. Infectious Disease Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1086/512192. 16/08/2021
21. Herman, T. F., & Bordoni, B. Wound classification. Stat Pearls Publishing. Stat Pearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk554456?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction&client=bot&client=bot 03/03/2020
22. Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18. Obtenido de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.296
23. Hasler A, Unterfrauner I, Olthof MGL, Jans P, Betz M, Achermann Y, et al. Deep surgical site infections following double-dose perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in adult obese orthopedic patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2021; 108:537–42. Obtenido de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119675/
24. Bilgiç Ç, Keske Ş, Sobutay E, Can U, Zenger S, Gürbüz B, et al. Surgical site infections after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Preoperative biliary system interventions and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 95:148–52. Obtenido de: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278107/
25. Seidelman JL, Mantyh CR, Anderson DJ. Surgical Site Infection Prevention: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Jan 17;329(3):244-252. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.24075.
26. Crystell Guzmán-García, MD; Oscar I. Flores-Barrientos, MD; Isela E. Juárez-Rojop, PhD, et al. Abdominal Surgical Site Infection Incidence and Risk, Factors in a Mexican Population. Wound Care Around the World. DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000557833.80431.00. 21/08/2021
27. Aroub Alkaaki, MD, Osman O. Al-Radi, MD, MSc, Ahmad Khoja, MD, et al. Surgical site infection following abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. Canadian Journal of Surgery. DOI: 10.1503/cjs.004818. 21/08/2021.
28. Xufei Zhang, Zhiwei Wang, Jun Chen. Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection following colorectal surgery in China: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05567-6. 21/08/2021.
29. Gearóid Mc Geehan, Itoro M. Edelduok, Magda Bucholc, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Wound Bundles in Emergency Midline Laparotomy Identifies That It Is Time for Improvement. Life. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020138. 21/08/2021.
30. T. Pande, C. S. Naidu. Mesh infection in cases of polypropylene mesh hernioplasty. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-020-02142-5. 28/08/2021
31. Kao, Angela M. MD; Arnold, Michael R. MD; Augenstein, Vedra A. MD. Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Mesh Infection in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004871. 28/08/2021
32. Emily T. Martin, Keith S. Kaye, Caitlin Knott, et al. Diabetes and Risk of Surgical Site Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cambridge Core. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.249. 08/11/2021.
33. Gao J, Wang Y, Song J, Li Z, Ren J, Wang P. Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical site infections: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing . 2021 Apr 27;77(10):3980–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14876