Acción de los fármacos inhibidores de TNF-α como inmunomoduladores de citocinas en la respuesta inmune.
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ene 14, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24021
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Melisa Lizbeth Carranza Sánchez
http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7618-3872
Jazmín Hernández Valdez Aldo Velázquez Zepeda
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0513-2622
http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7618-3872
Jazmín Hernández Valdez Aldo Velázquez Zepeda
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0513-2622
Resumen
En el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes, que exacerban la respuesta inflamatoria, los fármacos inmunomoduladores han revolucionado el tratamiento y control de diversas patologías. Comprender el perfil beneficio-riesgo de estos agentes terapéuticos permite encontrar una respuesta terapéutica apropiada en cada paciente.
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CARRANZA SÁNCHEZ, Melisa Lizbeth; HERNÁNDEZ VALDEZ, Jazmín; VELÁZQUEZ ZEPEDA, Aldo.
Acción de los fármacos inhibidores de TNF-α como inmunomoduladores de citocinas en la respuesta inmune..
Medicina e Investigación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 161-173, ene. 2025.
ISSN 2594-0600.
Disponible en: <https://medicinainvestigacion.uaemex.mx/article/view/24021>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.36677/medicinainvestigacion.v13i1.24021.
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
Deckers J, Anbergen T, Hokke AM, de Dreu A, Schrijver DP, de Bruin K, et
al. Engineering cytokine therapeutics. Nature Reviews Bioengineering. 2023
Feb 16;1(4):286–303.
2. Descotes J. Immune System. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Elsevier; 2014. p. 1004–23.
3. Cota AM, Midwinter MJ. The immune system. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care
Medicine. 2015 Jul;16(7):353–5.
4. Pires IS, Hammond PT, Irvine DJ. Engineering Strategies for Immunomodulatory Cytokine Therapies: Challenges and Clinical Progress. Adv Ther
(Weinh). 2021 Aug 2;4(8).
5. Holder PG, Lim SA, Huang CS, Sharma P, Dagdas YS, Bulutoglu B, et al. Engineering interferons and interleukins for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug
Deliv Rev. 2022 Mar;182:114112.
6. Moreno Brea M a R, Micó JA. TNF y citocinas y dolor: más allá de la inflamación tisular. Reumatol Clin. 2009 Aug;5:1–4.
7. Tang P, Wang JM. Chemokines: the past, the present and the future. Cell
Mol Immunol. 2018 Apr 26;15(4):295–8.
8. Gross V, Monet D, Álvarez J. Regulación de la respuesta inflamatoria dependiente de citocinas. Revista médica de Santiago de Cuba. 2023;27(5).
9. Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. The unique structural and functional features
of CXCL12. Cell Mol Immunol. 2018 Apr 30;15(4):299–311.
10. Parker M, Li Z. Biotechnology and drugs. In: Remington. Elsevier; 2021. p. 397–415.
11. Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants
of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol. 2018 Sep 27;9.
12. Rich RR, Chaplin DD. The Human Immune Response. In: Clinical Immunology.
Elsevier; 2019. p. 3-17.e1.
13. Introduction to the Immune Response. In: Primer to the Immune Response.
Elsevier; 2014. p. 3–20.
14. Delves PJ. Immune Response. In: Encyclopedia of Stress. Elsevier; 2007. p. 462–9.
15. Schumacher SM, Naga Prasad S V. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Heart Failure: an Updated Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018 Sep 26;20(11):117.
16. Shelke G, Jagtap J, Kim DK, Shah R, Das G, Shivayogi M, et al. TNF-α and
IFN-γ Together Up-Regulates Par-4 Expression and Induce Apoptosis in Human Neuroblastomas. Biomedicines. 2017 Dec 26;6(1):4.
17. Artis D, Humphreys NE, Bancroft AJ, Rothwell NJ, Potten CS, Grencis RK.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Is a Critical Component of Interleukin 13–Mediated
Protective T Helper Cell Type 2 Responses during Helminth Infection. J Exp
Med. 1999 Oct 4;190(7):953–62.
18. Bourne T, Fossati G, Nesbitt A. A PEGylated Fab′ Fragment against Tumor Necrosis Factor for the Treatment of Crohn Disease. BioDrugs.
2008;22(5):331–7.
19. Yang S, Chen J, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Qin T, Gao S, et al. TNF-a Is a Potent
Stimulator of Tc9-Cell Differentiation. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2020
Nov;43(9):265–72.
20. Vlachopoulos C, Gravos A, Georgiopoulos G, Terentes-Printzios D, Ioakeimidis N, Vassilopoulos D, et al. The effect of TNF-a antagonists on aortic
stiffness and wave reflections: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Feb
8;37(2):515–26.
21. Nakao S, Ogtata Y, Shimizu E, Yamazaki M, Furuyama S, Sugiya H. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced prostaglandin E2 release is mediated by the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription via NFkappaB in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;238(1/2):11–8.
22. Segal B, Rhodus NL, Patel K. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy
for rheumatoid arthritis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008 Dec;106(6):778–87Li S, Kaur PP, Chan V, Berney S. Use of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
antagonists infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab in patients with concurrent rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B or hepatitis C: a retrospective
record review of 11 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jul 17;28(7):787–91.
24. Gómez-Lomelí P, Bravo-Cuellar A, Hernández-Flores G, Jave-Suárez LF,
Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Lerma-Díaz JM, et al. Increase of IFN-γ and TNF-γ production in CD107a + NK-92 cells co-cultured with cervical cancer cell lines
pre-treated with the HO-1 inhibitor. Cancer Cell Int. 2014 Dec 1;14(1):100.
25. Deora A, Hegde S, Lee J, Choi CH, Chang Q, Lee C, et al. Transmembrane
TNF-dependent uptake of anti-TNF antibodies. MAbs. 2017 May 19;9(4):680–95.
26. Puppo F, Murdaca G, Ghio M, Indiveri F. Emerging biologic drugs for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2005 Nov;4(8):537–41.
27. Egea V, von Baumgarten L, Schichor C, Berninger B, Popp T, Neth P, et al.
TNF-α respecifies human mesenchymal stem cells to a neural fate and promotes migration toward experimental glioma. Cell Death Differ. 2011 May
3;18(5):853–63.
28. Mitoma H, Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H, Ueda N. Molecular mechanisms of action of anti-TNF-α agents – Comparison among therapeutic TNF-α antagonists. Cytokine. 2018 Jan;101:56–63.
29. Oróstica ML, Zuñiga LM, Utz D, Parada-Bustamante A, Velásquez LA, Cardenas H, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-α is the signal induced by mating to
shutdown a 2-methoxyestradiol nongenomic action necessary to accelerate
oviductal egg transport in the rat. REPRODUCTION. 2013 Feb;145(2):109–17.
30. Lockett AD, Kimani S, Ddungu G, Wrenger S, Tuder RM, Janciauskiene SM,
et al. α
1 -Antitrypsin Modulates Lung Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses to TNF-α. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013 Jul;49(1):143–50.
31. Slungaard A, Vercellotti GM, Walker G, Nelson RD, Jacob HS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin stimulates eosinophil oxidant production and
toxicity towards human endothelium. J Exp Med. 1990 Jun 1;171(6):2025–41.
32. Oberoi R, Schuett J, Schuett H, Koch AK, Luchtefeld M, Grote K, et al. Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α with Adalimumab: Effects on Endothelial
Activation and Monocyte Adhesion. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 28;11(7):e0160145.
33. Saxena U, Witte LD, Goldberg IJ. Tumor necrosis factor induced release of
endothelial cell lipoprotein lipase. Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the
American Heart Association, Inc. 1990 May;10(3):470–6.
34. Licastro F, Chiappelli M, Ianni M, Porcellini E. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha
Antagonists: Differential Clinical Effects by Different Biotechnological Molecules. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Jul 1;22(3):567–72.
35. Jin P, Zhao Y, Liu H, Chen J, Ren J, Jin J, et al. Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Polarize Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Uniformly to a Th1 Phenotype. Sci Rep. 2016 May 23;6(1):26345.
36. Karampetsou MP, Liossis SNC, Sfikakis PP. TNF- antagonists beyond approved indications: stories of success and prospects for the future. QJM.
2010 Dec 1;103(12):917–28.
37. Mocci G, Marzo M, Papa A, Armuzzi A, Guidi L. Dermatological adverse reactions during anti-TNF treatments: Focus on inflammatory bowel disease.
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Nov;7(10):769–79.
38. Findeisen KE, Sewell J, Ostor AJK. Biological Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview for the Clinician. Biologics. 2021;15:343–52.
39. Santillán J, Filorio Y, Ortiz M. Use of anti-TNF-α biotech drugs in rheumatoid
arthritis and its immunogenicity. Revista Cubana de Farmacia. 2019;52(2).
40. Thomas SS, Borazan N, Barroso N, Duan L, Taroumian S, Kretzmann B, et al.
Comparative Immunogenicity of TNF Inhibitors: Impact on Clinical Efficacy
and Tolerability in the Management of Autoimmune Diseases. A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. BioDrugs. 2015 Aug 18;29(4):241–58.Jamilloux Y, Cohen-Aubart F, Chapelon-Abric C, Maucort-Boulch D, Marquet A, Pérard L, et al. Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in refractory sarcoidosis: A multicenter study of 132 patients. Semin
Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Oct;47(2):288–94.
42. Vos ACW, Wildenberg ME, Duijvestein M, Verhaar AP, van den Brink GR,
Hommes DW. Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Antibodies Induce Regulatory
Macrophages in an Fc Region-Dependent Manner. Gastroenterology. 2011
Jan;140(1):221-230.e3.
43. Ueda N, Tsukamoto H, Mitoma H, Ayano M, Tanaka A, Ohta S ichiro, et
al. The Cytotoxic Effects of Certolizumab Pegol and Golimumab Mediated by Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor α. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013
May;19(6):1224–31.
44. Nesbitt A, Fossati G, Bergin M, Stephens P, Stephens S, Foulkes R, et al.
Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): In vitro comparison
with other anti-tumor necrosis factor α agents. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007
Nov;13(11):1323–32.
45. Bloemendaal FM, Levin AD, Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, McRae BL, Salfeld J, et al. Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor With a Glyco-Engineered Fc-Region Has Increased Efficacy in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology. 2017
Nov;153(5):1351-1362.e4.
46. Atreya R, Zimmer M, Bartsch B, Waldner MJ, Atreya I, Neumann H, et al.
Antibodies Against Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Induce T-Cell Apoptosis in
Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases via TNF Receptor 2 and Intestinal CD14+ Macrophages. Gastroenterology. 2011 Dec;141(6):2026–38.
47. Marcos Jubilar M, Orbe J, Roncal C, Fernández Montero A, Colina I, Rodil R,
et al. Análisis de subpoblaciones monocitarias en relación con los factores
de riesgo cardiovascular. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis. 2019
Jul;31(4):152–9.
48. Biswas P, Mantelli B, Delfanti F, Cota M, Vallanti G, de Filippi C, et al. TUMOR
NECROSIS FACTOR-α DRIVES HIV-1 REPLICATION IN U937 CELL CLONES
AND UPREGULATES CXCR4. Cytokine. 2001 Jan;13(1):55–9.
49. Hong JJ, Hadeler EK, Mosca ML, Brownstone ND, Bhutani T, Liao WJ.
TNF-Alpha Inhibitors and Ustekinumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis: Therapeutic Utility in the Era of IL-17 and IL-23 Inhibitors. J Psoriasis Psoriatic
Arthritis. 2022 Apr 12;7(2):79–92.
50. Francisco Silvestre Salvador J, Betlloch Mas I, Vergara Aguilera G. Fármacos
anti-factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α) en dermatología: aplicaciones
actuales y efectos adversos. Piel. 2004 Jan;19(3):168–74.
51. Casellas i Jordà F. Inhibidores del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Med Clin (Barc). 2004 Oct;123(16):627–34.
52. Merola JF, Landewé R, McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Ritchlin CT, Tanaka Y, et al.
Bimekizumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and previous inadequate response or intolerance to tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (BE COMPLETE).
The Lancet. 2023 Jan;401(10370):38–48.
al. Engineering cytokine therapeutics. Nature Reviews Bioengineering. 2023
Feb 16;1(4):286–303.
2. Descotes J. Immune System. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Elsevier; 2014. p. 1004–23.
3. Cota AM, Midwinter MJ. The immune system. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care
Medicine. 2015 Jul;16(7):353–5.
4. Pires IS, Hammond PT, Irvine DJ. Engineering Strategies for Immunomodulatory Cytokine Therapies: Challenges and Clinical Progress. Adv Ther
(Weinh). 2021 Aug 2;4(8).
5. Holder PG, Lim SA, Huang CS, Sharma P, Dagdas YS, Bulutoglu B, et al. Engineering interferons and interleukins for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug
Deliv Rev. 2022 Mar;182:114112.
6. Moreno Brea M a R, Micó JA. TNF y citocinas y dolor: más allá de la inflamación tisular. Reumatol Clin. 2009 Aug;5:1–4.
7. Tang P, Wang JM. Chemokines: the past, the present and the future. Cell
Mol Immunol. 2018 Apr 26;15(4):295–8.
8. Gross V, Monet D, Álvarez J. Regulación de la respuesta inflamatoria dependiente de citocinas. Revista médica de Santiago de Cuba. 2023;27(5).
9. Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. The unique structural and functional features
of CXCL12. Cell Mol Immunol. 2018 Apr 30;15(4):299–311.
10. Parker M, Li Z. Biotechnology and drugs. In: Remington. Elsevier; 2021. p. 397–415.
11. Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants
of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol. 2018 Sep 27;9.
12. Rich RR, Chaplin DD. The Human Immune Response. In: Clinical Immunology.
Elsevier; 2019. p. 3-17.e1.
13. Introduction to the Immune Response. In: Primer to the Immune Response.
Elsevier; 2014. p. 3–20.
14. Delves PJ. Immune Response. In: Encyclopedia of Stress. Elsevier; 2007. p. 462–9.
15. Schumacher SM, Naga Prasad S V. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Heart Failure: an Updated Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018 Sep 26;20(11):117.
16. Shelke G, Jagtap J, Kim DK, Shah R, Das G, Shivayogi M, et al. TNF-α and
IFN-γ Together Up-Regulates Par-4 Expression and Induce Apoptosis in Human Neuroblastomas. Biomedicines. 2017 Dec 26;6(1):4.
17. Artis D, Humphreys NE, Bancroft AJ, Rothwell NJ, Potten CS, Grencis RK.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Is a Critical Component of Interleukin 13–Mediated
Protective T Helper Cell Type 2 Responses during Helminth Infection. J Exp
Med. 1999 Oct 4;190(7):953–62.
18. Bourne T, Fossati G, Nesbitt A. A PEGylated Fab′ Fragment against Tumor Necrosis Factor for the Treatment of Crohn Disease. BioDrugs.
2008;22(5):331–7.
19. Yang S, Chen J, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Qin T, Gao S, et al. TNF-a Is a Potent
Stimulator of Tc9-Cell Differentiation. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2020
Nov;43(9):265–72.
20. Vlachopoulos C, Gravos A, Georgiopoulos G, Terentes-Printzios D, Ioakeimidis N, Vassilopoulos D, et al. The effect of TNF-a antagonists on aortic
stiffness and wave reflections: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Feb
8;37(2):515–26.
21. Nakao S, Ogtata Y, Shimizu E, Yamazaki M, Furuyama S, Sugiya H. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced prostaglandin E2 release is mediated by the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription via NFkappaB in human gingival fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;238(1/2):11–8.
22. Segal B, Rhodus NL, Patel K. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy
for rheumatoid arthritis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology, and Endodontology. 2008 Dec;106(6):778–87Li S, Kaur PP, Chan V, Berney S. Use of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
antagonists infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab in patients with concurrent rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B or hepatitis C: a retrospective
record review of 11 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jul 17;28(7):787–91.
24. Gómez-Lomelí P, Bravo-Cuellar A, Hernández-Flores G, Jave-Suárez LF,
Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Lerma-Díaz JM, et al. Increase of IFN-γ and TNF-γ production in CD107a + NK-92 cells co-cultured with cervical cancer cell lines
pre-treated with the HO-1 inhibitor. Cancer Cell Int. 2014 Dec 1;14(1):100.
25. Deora A, Hegde S, Lee J, Choi CH, Chang Q, Lee C, et al. Transmembrane
TNF-dependent uptake of anti-TNF antibodies. MAbs. 2017 May 19;9(4):680–95.
26. Puppo F, Murdaca G, Ghio M, Indiveri F. Emerging biologic drugs for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2005 Nov;4(8):537–41.
27. Egea V, von Baumgarten L, Schichor C, Berninger B, Popp T, Neth P, et al.
TNF-α respecifies human mesenchymal stem cells to a neural fate and promotes migration toward experimental glioma. Cell Death Differ. 2011 May
3;18(5):853–63.
28. Mitoma H, Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H, Ueda N. Molecular mechanisms of action of anti-TNF-α agents – Comparison among therapeutic TNF-α antagonists. Cytokine. 2018 Jan;101:56–63.
29. Oróstica ML, Zuñiga LM, Utz D, Parada-Bustamante A, Velásquez LA, Cardenas H, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-α is the signal induced by mating to
shutdown a 2-methoxyestradiol nongenomic action necessary to accelerate
oviductal egg transport in the rat. REPRODUCTION. 2013 Feb;145(2):109–17.
30. Lockett AD, Kimani S, Ddungu G, Wrenger S, Tuder RM, Janciauskiene SM,
et al. α
1 -Antitrypsin Modulates Lung Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses to TNF-α. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013 Jul;49(1):143–50.
31. Slungaard A, Vercellotti GM, Walker G, Nelson RD, Jacob HS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin stimulates eosinophil oxidant production and
toxicity towards human endothelium. J Exp Med. 1990 Jun 1;171(6):2025–41.
32. Oberoi R, Schuett J, Schuett H, Koch AK, Luchtefeld M, Grote K, et al. Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α with Adalimumab: Effects on Endothelial
Activation and Monocyte Adhesion. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 28;11(7):e0160145.
33. Saxena U, Witte LD, Goldberg IJ. Tumor necrosis factor induced release of
endothelial cell lipoprotein lipase. Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the
American Heart Association, Inc. 1990 May;10(3):470–6.
34. Licastro F, Chiappelli M, Ianni M, Porcellini E. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha
Antagonists: Differential Clinical Effects by Different Biotechnological Molecules. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Jul 1;22(3):567–72.
35. Jin P, Zhao Y, Liu H, Chen J, Ren J, Jin J, et al. Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Polarize Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Uniformly to a Th1 Phenotype. Sci Rep. 2016 May 23;6(1):26345.
36. Karampetsou MP, Liossis SNC, Sfikakis PP. TNF- antagonists beyond approved indications: stories of success and prospects for the future. QJM.
2010 Dec 1;103(12):917–28.
37. Mocci G, Marzo M, Papa A, Armuzzi A, Guidi L. Dermatological adverse reactions during anti-TNF treatments: Focus on inflammatory bowel disease.
J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Nov;7(10):769–79.
38. Findeisen KE, Sewell J, Ostor AJK. Biological Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview for the Clinician. Biologics. 2021;15:343–52.
39. Santillán J, Filorio Y, Ortiz M. Use of anti-TNF-α biotech drugs in rheumatoid
arthritis and its immunogenicity. Revista Cubana de Farmacia. 2019;52(2).
40. Thomas SS, Borazan N, Barroso N, Duan L, Taroumian S, Kretzmann B, et al.
Comparative Immunogenicity of TNF Inhibitors: Impact on Clinical Efficacy
and Tolerability in the Management of Autoimmune Diseases. A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. BioDrugs. 2015 Aug 18;29(4):241–58.Jamilloux Y, Cohen-Aubart F, Chapelon-Abric C, Maucort-Boulch D, Marquet A, Pérard L, et al. Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in refractory sarcoidosis: A multicenter study of 132 patients. Semin
Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Oct;47(2):288–94.
42. Vos ACW, Wildenberg ME, Duijvestein M, Verhaar AP, van den Brink GR,
Hommes DW. Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Antibodies Induce Regulatory
Macrophages in an Fc Region-Dependent Manner. Gastroenterology. 2011
Jan;140(1):221-230.e3.
43. Ueda N, Tsukamoto H, Mitoma H, Ayano M, Tanaka A, Ohta S ichiro, et
al. The Cytotoxic Effects of Certolizumab Pegol and Golimumab Mediated by Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor α. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013
May;19(6):1224–31.
44. Nesbitt A, Fossati G, Bergin M, Stephens P, Stephens S, Foulkes R, et al.
Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): In vitro comparison
with other anti-tumor necrosis factor α agents. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007
Nov;13(11):1323–32.
45. Bloemendaal FM, Levin AD, Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, McRae BL, Salfeld J, et al. Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor With a Glyco-Engineered Fc-Region Has Increased Efficacy in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology. 2017
Nov;153(5):1351-1362.e4.
46. Atreya R, Zimmer M, Bartsch B, Waldner MJ, Atreya I, Neumann H, et al.
Antibodies Against Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Induce T-Cell Apoptosis in
Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases via TNF Receptor 2 and Intestinal CD14+ Macrophages. Gastroenterology. 2011 Dec;141(6):2026–38.
47. Marcos Jubilar M, Orbe J, Roncal C, Fernández Montero A, Colina I, Rodil R,
et al. Análisis de subpoblaciones monocitarias en relación con los factores
de riesgo cardiovascular. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis. 2019
Jul;31(4):152–9.
48. Biswas P, Mantelli B, Delfanti F, Cota M, Vallanti G, de Filippi C, et al. TUMOR
NECROSIS FACTOR-α DRIVES HIV-1 REPLICATION IN U937 CELL CLONES
AND UPREGULATES CXCR4. Cytokine. 2001 Jan;13(1):55–9.
49. Hong JJ, Hadeler EK, Mosca ML, Brownstone ND, Bhutani T, Liao WJ.
TNF-Alpha Inhibitors and Ustekinumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis: Therapeutic Utility in the Era of IL-17 and IL-23 Inhibitors. J Psoriasis Psoriatic
Arthritis. 2022 Apr 12;7(2):79–92.
50. Francisco Silvestre Salvador J, Betlloch Mas I, Vergara Aguilera G. Fármacos
anti-factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α) en dermatología: aplicaciones
actuales y efectos adversos. Piel. 2004 Jan;19(3):168–74.
51. Casellas i Jordà F. Inhibidores del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Med Clin (Barc). 2004 Oct;123(16):627–34.
52. Merola JF, Landewé R, McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Ritchlin CT, Tanaka Y, et al.
Bimekizumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and previous inadequate response or intolerance to tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (BE COMPLETE).
The Lancet. 2023 Jan;401(10370):38–48.